Lack of relevant structures, capacities and economic incentives for involvement of local communities in wildlife conservation and sustainable natural resource management. Gorongosa-Marromeu Complex faces increasing threats, including uncontrolled fires, illegal hunting, deforestation for charcoal production, and expansion of smallholder agriculture. Long-term benefits of wildlife and forest crime enforcement at the community level, will come through a systematic approach that promotes activities that make poaching a highly unattractive and risky activity. Spatial level land-use and resource-use planning is instrumental in building technical and institutional capacities at the community level.